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How do you live and act ethically in a complex and changing world?
And how do you relate with integrity and love to the workings of wealth and power?
Perhaps you’ve been asking these questions for a long time.
Or perhaps you’ve found yourself asking them anew as you look at the turmoil in the world around and within us.
And maybe you’ve also explored different answers offered in the media, self-help books, or videos and blogs, yet you feel something vital is missing.
You’re looking for a greater level of depth, and at the same time, greater practicality.
In times such as ours, the teachings of enduring traditions of wisdom shine all the more brightly. When you listen deeply to the voice of a great poet or teacher, you are listening not just to the voice of one individual, but to an entire lineage of thought, feeling, and action.
Generations of experience, understanding, and wisdom gather in each phrase and word.
That is why such teachings can return us to the bedrock of our lives and to the most essential questions of human life. In encountering such wisdom you find your own deepest intelligence reaffirmed, revitalized, and renewed.
I plan to offer this course on a regular basis. Sign up for my newsletter for updates!
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The course really made the Kural accessible to me
Thomas structured the course in such a flexible way, I didn’t ever feel pressured or that I was not keeping up with the rest of the class. This course introduced me to the Kural and opened my eyes to its pertinence to contemporary life. I also very much appreciated the way Thomas gave structure for preparation for each class.
I found the guest speakers so interesting. They cast a different light on the text, depending on their area of expertise. I also enjoyed the interaction with other students.
I would definitely recommend this course. The course really made the Kural accessible to me. It has become one of the texts that I always have with me. One never knows when one might need its wisdom!
A one-of-a-kind experience!
I thoroughly enjoyed the course and learned something new each session. Plus it was multi sensory!!! I’d absolutely recommend this course to others. It’s a one-of-a-kind experience with a beautiful wisdom text and an amazing facilitator!
Kural 90 in a Tamil Nadu bus
The Kural
In the Tamil-speaking world, rooted in the state of Tamil Nadu in south India, the Kural, Tiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural, is revered as a guide to practicing compassion, goodness, and good sense in the nitty-gritty of daily life—from the life of the home, to the work of leaders, to the ways of love in our heart. Its great practicality, openness, and ecological wisdom make it strikingly relevant to our time.
Yet this masterpiece of world literature, on par with the Tao Te Ching and the poetry of Rumi, has long lacked translations that make its guidance, vision, and playfulness available to readers in English.
As someone who has spent more than twenty years studying and translating this classical Tamil masterpiece of poetry and philosophy, I’d like to introduce you to those parts of the Kural that have the most to say to us right now.
Here’s what I hope you’ll get from exploring the Kural together:
A deepening ability to listen to your own heart, and to discover, honor, and embody your own uniqueness in the world.
Rekindled enthusiasm for the work you most wish to be doing and practical guidance for integrating your intentions, your abilities, and your actions.
Insight into how the seemingly private art of friendship may serve us in facing the great political and ecological issues of our time.
Inspiration for navigating the joys and sorrows of love and a vital key to the connection between sulking and freedom.
All for a price that you set yourself as a way to practice a key teaching of the Kural: honoring what fits each person, place, and situation.
Complete Details
Who The Course Is For:
Young people, leaders, and ordinary citizens who are concerned about the social and ecological discord in the world today and are looking for practical and poetic ways to infuse their everyday lives and actions with greater insight, love, and compassion.
Readers who want to deepen their capacity not only to appreciate but to enjoy and learn from the poetry of a great teacher and philosopher such as Tiruvalluvar.
Spiritual practitioners who may never have heard of Tamil or the Kural but who have found nourishment from other works of world and wisdom literature such as the Tao Te Ching, the Psalms, The Heart Sutra, or the poems of Rumi.
Teenagers and adults who have a familial connection to Tamil or to India but who haven’t yet been able to enter the language and teachings of the Kural in a way that feels relevant to their current lives, dreams, and aspirations.
Who The Course ISN’T For:
While I’d like to believe this course is for everyone, my experience suggests if you’re looking for a quick fix to the world’s daunting problems, you may not find this course very satisfying. The Kural doesn’t offer a one-size-fits-all solution to anything.
Instead its poetry goes to work on our relation to our hearts and on the ways we embody our intelligence in the world. Such work requires patience and a willingness to be surprised, but can reward you in more ways than you may be able to imagine.
If you’re open to discovering new layers of experience in the world and in yourself, I heartily invite you to join me for this spirited exploration.
A gentle yet meaningful introduction to the Kural
At first I was unsure if I would be able to attend the complete course, due to other commitments. Also I’m more of a reader and observer, so I was hesitant about how the experience of an online live course would be, and whether I would be a good fit for the class.
But I found that I really enjoyed the course and looked forward to sessions for an oasis of calm to introspect about what life is all about. I enjoyed the lectures the most. To me, they brought about several “aha” moments, both at a personal level and at a more abstract level. I found the lectures both poetic and down to earth, which was very comforting. I also enjoyed the thorough and detailed notes and a very pleasant website where I could revisit the lecture at leisure.
This is indeed a lovely course – I think it is a gentle yet meaningful introduction to the Kural which doesn’t dumb down any aspect of it. I was already planning on reading the translation by myself and the course has given me a lot of encouragement to revisit the world of literature and poetry – in Tamil and others. Thank you for a lovely and thoughtful course, and more importantly a true and heartfelt translation!
Who I am and Where I’m Coming From: A Personal Introduction
In 1998, fresh out of college, I took an unexpected opportunity to live for several years in South India, where I studied Tamil and moved into a village outside the city of Madurai. A friend and I happened to find a wonderful Tamil teacher, Dr. K. V. Ramakoti, and early one evening we sat with him and his wife enjoying a quiet meal in the central room of his house.
All at once Dr. Ramakoti looked up from his rice, peered at us across the plates, and asked, “A year ago, did you think you would be coming to Madurai, to study Tamil, in my house, with me?”
Both of us shook our heads. I’d had no idea I’d ever live in India, let alone study Tamil.
He smiled and chuckled to himself. “This is what we, in our tradition, call fate.” And without another word he went back to his rice.
Those years proved more fateful than I could ever have imagined, not only reawakening my love of language, but leading me to devote my life to the highest possibilities of words and their power to join our hearts across time and place.
All that I do as a writer, translator, teacher, and performer grows out of that pivotal experience of standing between different ways of conceiving and imagining and loving the world.
My “Official” Background
Just to give a more complete picture!
I was born in Seattle, Washington, and have lived and worked in Tamil Nadu, India, and Oaxaca, Mexico. My new translation of the classical Tamil masterpiece on ethics, power, and love, THE KURAL: Tiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural, appeared in 2022 from Beacon Press. Other books include The Safety of Edges (poems), Give, Eat, and Live: Poems of Avvaiyar (translated from the Tamil) and Body and Earth: Notes from a Conversation (with the artist C. F. John).
I delight in speaking, teaching, and performing internationally, combining poetry, story, magic, and song in talks and presentations for the young and old alike. My solo shows include Riches of the Ear: Words, Wonder, and Tiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural and A Thousand Thanks: The Gift of Sadako and Her Cranes. I serve as Language Consultant for the Cozy Grammar series of online video courses and have received grants, fellowships, and awards from the National Endowment for the Arts, 4Culture, Artist Trust, the Community of Writers, the U.S. Fulbright Program, the American Literary Translators Association, Ohio State University, Oberlin Shansi, and Oberlin College.
“To translate even a single kural couplet, bewitching in its rhythm and packed with meaning, is a formidable task. But we now have Thomas Hitoshi Pruiksma’s translation, without doubt the best ever into English.”
—David Shulman, The New York Review
Guest Speakers
I am also delighted to welcome the following guest teachers, who have contributed exclusive special interviews:
You can read more about these writers, teachers, poets, and translators in the course outline below!
“In the astonishingly fresh and vibrant translations that adorn this book, Tiruvalluvar’s voice can now reach the universal audience that so deeply needs its universal wisdom.”
—Andrew Harvey, from the Foreword
A very worthwhile experience
I was pleased with the variety of ways to learn about the Kural and especially appreciated the recorded and translated conversation with Perumal Murugan. Murugan’s personal stories about his selected Kural verses demonstrated the cultural and personal importance of the Kural for himself and other Tamil speakers.
It was very helpful that the course was structured in a flexible way that enabled participants to do as much or as little as they chose to do. This course enables participants to learn about the helpful and enduring qualities of the Kural, in flexible and interesting ways. It was also helpful that the sessions and speakers were recorded for later viewing.
This was a very worthwhile experience—thank you!
What We’ll Be Covering
This is the second time I am offering this course, building on many years of speaking with people from varied backgrounds around the world about the key principles of the Kural.
Nonetheless, because the Kural is such a rich and multilayered work, even after more than twenty years of living with it, I am still discovering the depth of its wisdom.
The course outline below is thus a kind of sketch. My intention is to give you a sense of the sorts of questions we’ll explore, even as I also hope that our time together will take us into unexpected territory.
Each week includes a live 75-minute Zoom call and a form for sending in questions and comments.
One of the joys of offering the course in this way is that your comments and questions will help shape the journey–another example of honoring what fits each person, place, and situation.
Can’t make the live calls? No problem!
All calls will be recorded, and you can send in questions each week.
Click on the bars below for session details and guest bios.
We’ll begin our exploration by grounding ourselves in the cultural context of the Kural and seeing how the work is uniquely designed to speak to the nitty-gritty of everyday life, no matter what your own cultural, linguistic, or spiritual background may be.
In this session you’ll:
- Learn a simple but powerful way to experience and enjoy the work of a poet like Tiruvalluvar.
- Delve into the first four chapters of the Kural, which form an introduction to the work as a whole, with particular attention to their multilayered and profound ecological sensibility.
- Discover the difference between an ethics based on universal rules and an ethics based on context and the cultivation of one’s own discernment, as presented by the Kural.
- Gain insight into how the structure of the Kural is part of its meaning and forms a silent but profoundly helpful commentary.
BONUS CONVERSATION
Video of the book-launch conversation with Professor Archana Venkatesan about the Kural, its Tamil context, and its significance for the wider world.
Archana Venkatesan is professor of comparative literature and religious studies at the University of California, Davis. A Guggenheim, NEA, and NEH fellow, her books and translations include The Secret Garland: Antal’s Tiruppavai and Nacciyar Tirumoli and A Hundred Measures of Time. Her translation of the Tiruvāymoḻi by 9th-century Tamil poet Nammāḻvār, Endless Song, won the American Literary Translators Association’s Lucien Stryk Asian Translation Prize and the A.K. Ramanujan Book Prize for Translation.
We continue with a focused look at the chapters “Having Love” and “Hospitality,” chapters that speak directly to the question of being at home and to the gift of opening oneself to others and other worlds.
In this session you’ll:
- Gain an understanding of the different kinds of love that the Kural addresses and how these forms of love connect to the daily work of building homes and communities.
- Look at the fundamental openness to others that the Kural not only teaches but itself embodies.
- Begin to explore the qualities of heart that the Kural itself cherishes not only as good in themselves but as part of the path of living with freedom in the here and now.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation specially recorded for this course with Chloë Goodchild, singing philosopher, vocalist, teacher, and author, on chapter 10, “Sweet Speech,” and the power of words spoken out loud.
Chloë Goodchild is the founder of The Naked Voice, a pioneering experiential vocal training programme, providing a sound awareness toolkit of conscious core practices, music, audio-books and spoken meditations that empower you to find and to embody your authentic voice. The Naked Voice Charitable Foundation was established in 2004, to disseminate a deeper awareness of the essential role conscious communication plays in strengthening ethical awareness, social health and well-being in all realms of human life. Chloë’s seminal book, The Naked Voice – Transform Your Life through the Power of Sound (North Atlantic Books) was published in 2015.
The next three sessions open up the second part of the Kural, which connects directly with the question of power. You’ll begin with the Kural’s chapters on inspired leadership and the kind of learning that can make you a leader in whatever area of life you feel most drawn to.
In this session you’ll:
- Discover the hidden key to lifelong learning and explore how knowledge overturns questions of social and cultural hierarchy.
- Gain insight into the transformative art of listening and the essential task of moving with wise men and women, wherever you may find yourself in life.
- Learn how to gain clarity before action and to practice authentic and sustainable generosity.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation specially recorded for this course with world-renowned author and spiritual teacher Andrew Harvey on the Kural and Sacred Activism.
Andrew Harvey is an internationally acclaimed poet, novelist, translator, mystical scholar, and spiritual teacher. He is the founder-director of the Institute for Sacred Activism in Oak Park, Illinois, where he lives.
In the original time and place of the Kural, leaders are not complete without their circle of poet-advisors. For those of us living today, however, the Kural’s lessons on working with and learning from others are no less essential and liberating.
In this session you’ll:
- Learn what qualities of heart-and-mind allow one to approach and learn from greatness.
- Explore the art of “reading faces” and discover how this art makes a person indispensable.
- Uncover three keys to knowing and addressing an audience fearlessly and courageously.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation specially recorded for this course with Bob Thurman, the first Westerner Tibetan Buddhist monk ordained by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, comparing the Mahayana understanding of the mind with the Kural’s chapter on “Not Being Defeated by Adversity.”
A charismatic speaker and author of many books on Tibet, Buddhism, art, politics and culture, Bob Thurman was named by The New York Times the leading American expert on Tibetan Buddhism, and was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri Award in 2020, for his help in recovering India’s ancient Buddhist heritage. Time Magazine chose him as one of the 25 most influential Americans in 1997, describing him as a “larger than life scholar-activist destined to convey the Dharma, the precious teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha, from Asia to America.”
Our third session on part two of the Kural concludes with the Kural’s teachings on friendship, which joins the inner world of the heart with the outer world of thriving communities and the natural abundance of the earth.
In this session you’ll:
- See how the seemingly private art of friendship may serve us in facing the great political and ecological issues of our time.
- Explore the art of who–and who not–to befriend, and how you can embody this decision with grace and kindness.
- Learn the key practice that helps friendship to endure over time.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation specially recorded for this course with cherished teacher Russell Delman on “Eyes That Are Moved.”
Russell Delman began studying Zen meditation in 1970 and graduated from Moshe Feldenkrais’ first North American training program in 1977. Since becoming a Feldenkrais Trainer in 1984, Russell has taught in over fifty Feldenkrais training programs. He teaches embodied movement, embodied meditation, and embodied inquiry throughout the world.
We now turn to the third part of the Kural, which has often been misunderstood or even omitted by translators but which contains some of the most astonishing poetry and wisdom in all of the Kural.
In this session you’ll:
- Learn how the Kural draws on the classical Tamil tradition of love poetry and connects it to the question of earthly and spiritual freedom.
- Delight in some of the Kural’s most playful verses on the ins and outs of romantic love in its different ages and stages.
- Gain insight into the paradoxical connection between quarrels among couples and the possibility of ever-deepening bliss.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation specially recorded for this course with Suchitra Ramachandran, an award-winning emerging translator, on what the Kural has to say about a woman’s relationship to herself.
Suchitra Ramachandran writes in Tamil and translates between Tamil and English. She won the Asymptote Close Approximations translation fiction prize in 2017 for her translation of the Tamil short story “Periyamma’s Words” by B. Jeyamohan. The Abyss, her translation of B. Jeyamohan’s novel Ezhaam Ulagam, was released in India on April 10th.
As the words themselves attest, integrity grows from integration. As our exploration comes to a close, you’ll look at two more chapters that can help tie your own understanding together: “Greatness” and “Integrity.”
In this session you’ll:
- Glimpse the secret of greatness, both how it enacts the impossible and how it continues the work of knowledge in overturning social and cultural hierarchies.
- Gain insight into the bedrock of integrity.
- Learn a specific way of weaving one’s insights together and continuing to learn from and work with the wisdom of the Kural.
BONUS CONVERSATION
A conversation in Tamil, with English subtitles, specially recorded for this course with author and teacher Perumal Murugan on the Kural and the unfolding of a life.
Perumal Murugan is one of India’s most well-known literary writers. He has written eleven novels and five collections each of short stories and poetry. His novels One Part Woman and The Story of a Goat were both longlisted for the National Book Award for Translation, and One Part Woman also won the prestigious ILF Samanvay Bhasha Samman for writing in Indian languages and the Translation Prize from India’s National Academy of Letters.
Session Dates and Times
The live calls take place on the following Saturdays from 2:00pm to 3:15pm Pacific: April 27 | May 4, 11, 18, 25 | June 1, 8
All calls will also be recorded and available to watch until March 15, 2025.
Thomas Hitoshi Pruiksma and Perumal Murugan in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu
How Does “Pay What Fits” Work?
That’s a great question!
In kural 40, a key verse in the opening chapters of the Kural, Tiruvalluvar gives a simple but profound definition of right action:
Action that fits is virtue—action
That doesn’t is vice
The rest of the Kural is devoted to exploring what it means for an action or quality or task to fit a particular person in a particular situation at a particular time and place in that person’s life.
In offering this course, I want to honor both that teaching and you by inviting you to pay the amount that fits you and your life situation right now.
But don’t worry! Just as with the Kural, I’ll also have some guidelines for what exactly “paying what fits” may look like.
What Fits This Teacher In This Moment
The Kural is about our human and more-than-human relatedness, so a price that fits this course for you should also fit what it costs me to put it together. It should fit both you and me alike.
A Recommended Minimum
To cover the expenses of offering this course and the time and energy I will be putting into each of its components, for most people in a North American context I’m asking a minimum of $151 USD.
This will allow me to give what I have to offer while acknowledging the realities of doing so. As the Kural says in kural 477 from the chapter on “Knowing Strength”:
Give rightly knowing one’s limits–that is how
One honors and guards wealth
A lower minimum price risks offering the course at a loss, which would undermine my attempt not only to impart but to live by what the Kural embodies.
A More Ideal Middle
For those whom it fits, a closer-to-ideal price is $251 USD. This allows me to enlist additional technical support so I can concentrate all of my attention on sharing everything that I hope to share.
What Truly Fits You
However, I also realize that you may be joining me from a country where an inequitable exchange rate makes $151 USD proportionally much larger for you than for another person elsewhere.
Or you may be a student with a very limited budget but who is nonetheless committed to exploring those areas of learning and knowledge that call to your heart-and-mind.
Or you may be in a situation where, as much as you want to explore what you can sense the Kural has to offer you, paying $151 USD would mean having to skimp on basic life essentials for you and your household.
If any of these three cases apply to you, I invite you to ask your own heart for what feels truly fitting and to trust whatever answer comes to you. I in turn will trust that answer, whatever it may be. Only you can say what fits you and your circumstances, and I will honor this trusting of your heart.
Click here for a site where you can convert between USD and your local currency.
Here’s What This All Means
Unless you’re in one of the three situations I’ve listed above, I ask you to pay at least the minimum of $151 USD, I invite you to pay my closer-to-ideal price of $251 USD, and I welcome you to consider paying more if that fits you more fully, as it helps make this world of ours more equitable and more free.
As kural 213 puts it:
Nothing better to have here or in heaven than
Generosity that fits
From chapter 22, “Knowing What is Fitting.”
What Others Charge
If it helps you in deciding, when I looked at courses of a similar length and intent elsewhere, most of them asked for something between $99 and $397 USD.
Let me encourage you again to make this decision your own, and to trust whatever you discern.
In a sense, this decision and discernment is the first teaching from the Kural I want to offer you. Such discernment is part of the quality of integrity–of being able to integrate the different parts of one’s life into a radiant, larger whole–that I want to help you continue discovering.
As kural 981 puts it:
For those upholding integrity—knowing what fits—
Everything good is natural
From chapter 99, “Integrity.”
What to Do
All of this comes down to two simple choices.
First, decide whether you’d like to join me for this course. Let yourself feel whether it fits–joyfully and authentically–where you happen to be right now and what you’re looking for. And if it does, I look forward to having you with us!
Second, take a moment to decide what price fits you now. Look at what you need to support yourself or your family, think about what you’re hoping to gain from this course, and trust whatever answer you come to. That’s what I, already, am trusting too.
“This translation provides a refreshing remembrance and illustration (without the usual reprimands and dire warnings) of how to be a good steward of the planet and what it means to live a good life—a much-needed map of astonishingly humane guidance and care.”
—Aimee Nezhukumatathil, author of World of Wonders
Excellent and memorable
Excellent. Memorable. The choice of topics was a nice representation of the entire body of work, and I liked your calm demeanor.
Your communication of the course’s logistics (every week) was perfect. You have a comprehensive knowledge of Thirukkural and communicate it well. Being an author yourself, you provide a good insight into ways to approach the Kural, especially as a poem, and get the overall idea of a chapter.
The reflection on Kural by personalities from different spiritual traditions, and contemporary writers was a good idea.
Everything That’s Included
Seven 75-Minute Live Video Sessions via Zoom
2:00pm to 3:15pm Pacific: April 27 | May 4, 11, 18, 25 | June 1, 8
Video Recordings of All Seven Sessions
Downloadable Audio for All Sessions
Live and Written Opportunities to Ask Questions
Bonus Video with Archana Venkatesan
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Chloë Goodchild
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Andrew Harvey
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Bob Thurman
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Russell Delman
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Suchitra Ramachandran
Recorded Conversation with Guest Teacher Perumal Murugan
Course closed for 2024. Sign up to learn about next year’s course!
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“[An] exquisite translation . . . To live as the wise Kuṟaḷ advises us to—in a state of chronic, cultivated empathy and in service of others—is indeed to live right and to live well.”
—Archana Venkatesan, from the Introduction
Inspiring
Thank you for the class and your passion for the Thirukkural. It is inspiring for others. I got exposed to verses that I had not heard before. Your interview in Tamil with Mr. Perumal Murugan was also very nice. I admire your fluency and enthusiasm to learn and speak the language. Enjoyed listening to you, the guest speakers and the other students of the class. I also learned more about Parimel Azhagar explanation from you.
This course is certainly a good one for beginners who want to get exposed to the vast treasure of knowledge and dharma to lead one’s life. The teacher’s passion for the Thirukkural and ability to explain various aspects of it – direct meaning hidden meaning, play of poetry, how it sounds – are all that will get a student to better appreciate the greatness of the Thirukkural.
Questions?
Here are some answers!
To get the most out of this course you’ll want to have a copy of The Kural: Tiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural on hand. I encourage you to order copies through your local bookstore or through the following links:
Buy in the US: Beacon Press | Powell’s | Barnes & Noble | Amazon (US)
Buy in Canada: Chapters | Amazon (CA)
Buy in the UK: Blackwell’s | Waterstones | Amazon (UK)
World: Amazon (FR) | Amazon (ES) | Amazon (IT) | Amazon (DE) | Amazon (AU) | Amazon (IN)
In addition to the weekly 75-minute sessions and the 30-minute guest teacher conversations, I recommend spending 10-15 minutes a day reflecting on a particular verse or two. This means a weekly commitment of roughly two to three hours, time that I believe will yield insights that can last years and even decades.
You will be able to access the course videos and download an audio version of each class and conversation until March 15, 2025.
Since I’m offering this course on a “pay what fits” basis and have limited but intrepid administrative support, here is the refund policy that fits both my own circumstances and what I hope to offer you through this course:
You can cancel your participation and receive a complete refund anytime until the first day of the course. After the program starts on April 27, I won’t be able to offer any refunds.
If you are unsure about committing to the program as a whole, I encourage you to sign up for the free introductory class and see how it feels. That will give you a chance to decide whether this course and my teaching style are for you.
You are also invited to explore the Kural conversations I’ve been holding to get a fuller sense of what the Kural and my approach to it have to offer.
Taller Than a Mountain Priority Contact Form
I’ve tried to explain things as best as I can–and have probably left something out somewhere. If you have any questions at all, please feel free to contact me and I’ll strive to reply within two business days.
NOTE: You do not need to ask me if it’s okay to pay a certain amount. Simply follow the step-by-step guidelines above and on the registration page for paying whatever price fits you and your circumstances. Truly! I really will trust you.
Thank you for putting together an amazing course
I am not new to the Kural but learning it in an academic background gave me a narrowed view. The course is helping me approach the Kural from a different perspective. Thank you for helping me overcome these hurdles.
Thank you for an amazing translation of the Kural too. We had to memorize a few verses of the Kural at school. I recited a few verses from The Kural to my wife and she was able to remember them. Although I was amazed at her memory, I believe it’s because you have kept the translation true to the source.
Thanks again for putting together an amazing course on the Kural and a great translation.
